Honen's Understanding of Amida's Original Vow

Frequency Shifts and Vow

To study the effects of frequency shifts on vowel identification, a high-quality vocoder (STRAIGHT) was used to process a set of vowels in /hVd/ syllables spoken by two adult males, two adult females, and two children. Vowel identification accuracy was reduced when the spectrum envelope was shifted upward by a factor of 2.0, or downward by a factor of 0.6. Upward shifts produced a smaller decli...

Understanding Cronbach's alpha: a necessity for implementation of original research studies

This article has no abstract.

Process Theory, Majoritarianism, and the Original Understanding

Understanding the Original Shape of the Macintosh Laryngoscope

71 years ago, the most popular curved laryngoscope in the world the Macintosh laryngoscope was designed by Sir Robert Reynolds Macintosh, which was expected to expose the larynx more easily under lighter anesthesia than that with the straight laryngoscope by elevating the epiglottis indirectly [1]. Although the design process of the Macintosh laryngoscope was mentioned in 1944, detailed feature...

Understanding Original Antigenic Sin in Influenza with a Dynamical System

Original antigenic sin is the phenomenon in which prior exposure to an antigen leads to a subsequent suboptimal immune response to a related antigen. Immune memory normally allows for an improved and rapid response to antigens previously seen and is the mechanism by which vaccination works. I here develop a dynamical system model of the mechanism of original antigenic sin in influenza, clarifyi...